3 research outputs found
Morphophysiological peculiarities of productivity formation in columnar apple varieties
Received: December 30th, 2021 ; Accepted: February 22nd, 2022 ; Published: March 4th, 2022 ; Correspondence: [email protected] of generative buds is one of the most important biological processes of
plant transition from vegetative to generative state. This process is key to the problem of creating
regular fruit-bearing and early-fruiting plantations. The article provides information on the
organogenesis of buds in plants of columnar apple varieties in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine,
which allows establishing the features of this process in complex fruit formations of different
ages, and the levels of their productivity and longevity. Research to study the organogenesis of
different-age fruit formations of columnar apple varieties was conducted in the northern part of
the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine during 2016–2020. The efficiency of realization the plants biological
potential of all studied columnar apple varieties at III–IV and V–IX stages of organogenesis was
high: the largest number of buds from their total number differentiated into generative on trees
varieties ‘Sparta’, ‘President’, ‘Bilosnizhka’, ‘Valuta’ and ‘Tantsivnytsia’ (37–51%), the smallest
in ‘Favoryt’ and ‘Bolero’. The biggest number of flowers per one potentially generative bud was
formed by plants of ‘Tantsivnytsia’ and ‘Bilosnizhka’ varieties. The lowest level of ovarian loss
during the X stage of organogenesis was observed on plants of ‘Valuta’, ‘President’, and
‘Tantsivnytsia’ varieties (41–49%), and the highest - in ‘Favoryt’ variety (up to 83%). More
effective realization of potential productivity at the XI stage of organogenesis occurred in plants
of ‘President’, ‘Valuta’ and ‘Tantsivnytsia’ varieties; their trees on one potentially generative bud
formed - 0.27–0.38 fruits. The coefficient of determination indicates that the influence of
meteorological conditions of the year on the passage of III–IV stages of organogenesis is 46%;
V–IX stages - 42%; Stage X - 17%; Stage XI - 24%
Efficiency of productivity potential realization of different-age sites of a trunk of grades of columnar type apple-trees
Received: April 15th, 2022 ; Accepted: May 15th, 2022 ; Published: May 17th, 2022 ; Correspondence: [email protected] article provides information about buds organogenesis in plants of columnar apple
cultivars in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine (Kyiv), which allows to establish the features of this
process in complex fruit formations of different ages, and their productivity and longevity. We
recommend studying of apple trees productivity in the process of its formation by analyzing of
rudimentary organs formation and their consistent development into vegetative and generative
organs, which are elements of productivity. Studies of organogenesis different-age fruit
formations of columnar apple cultivars were conducted in the northern part of the Forest-Steppe
of Ukraine during 2016–2020. It was established that separate age sections of columnar apple
trees trunk formed different initial productivity potential. In plants of all studied varieties and age
groups, the laying of generative buds, the implementation of reproductive elements in V–IX and
X–XI stages of organogenesis were more effective in older age areas of the trunk. Complex fruit
formations, regardless of the trunk age where they are placed, form a high potential for
productivity, which is effectively realized. The dependence of the formation and productivity
potential realization on the stages of organogenesis and meteorological factors is established
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Sequencing the Genomes of the First Terrestrial Fungal Lineages: What Have We Learned?
The first genome sequenced of a eukaryotic organism was for Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as reported in 1996, but it was more than 10 years before any of the zygomycete fungi, which are the early-diverging terrestrial fungi currently placed in the phyla Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota, were sequenced. The genome for Rhizopus delemar was completed in 2008; currently, more than 1000 zygomycete genomes have been sequenced. Genomic data from these early-diverging terrestrial fungi revealed deep phylogenetic separation of the two major clades-primarily plant-associated saprotrophic and mycorrhizal Mucoromycota versus the primarily mycoparasitic or animal-associated parasites and commensals in the Zoopagomycota. Genomic studies provide many valuable insights into how these fungi evolved in response to the challenges of living on land, including adaptations to sensing light and gravity, development of hyphal growth, and co-existence with the first terrestrial plants. Genome sequence data have facilitated studies of genome architecture, including a history of genome duplications and horizontal gene transfer events, distribution and organization of mating type loci, rDNA genes and transposable elements, methylation processes, and genes useful for various industrial applications. Pathogenicity genes and specialized secondary metabolites have also been detected in soil saprobes and pathogenic fungi. Novel endosymbiotic bacteria and viruses have been discovered during several zygomycete genome projects. Overall, genomic information has helped to resolve a plethora of research questions, from the placement of zygomycetes on the evolutionary tree of life and in natural ecosystems, to the applied biotechnological and medical questions